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Internationaler Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz und Urheberrecht II

Teil 3 - Authorship


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Owner of copyrightis the author of the work. Thus, in US Copyright Law the copyright protection can be tied to the person who created intellectually the work (creator) or – in specific cases – to the person who financed the creation (employer/producer). Therefore, also judicial person can be first owner of the copyright if they are employer or producer of a “work made for hire”.


§ 201—Ownership of copyright

(a) INITIAL OWNERSHIP.—Copyright in a work protected under this title vests initially in the author or authors of the work. The authors of a joint work are coowners of copyright in the work.

(b) WORKS MADE FOR HIRE.—In the case of a work made for hire, the employer or other person for whom the work was prepared is considered the author for purposes of this title, and, unless the parties have expressly agreed otherwise in a written instrument signed by them, owns all of the rights comprised in the copyright.

(c) CONTRIBUTIONS TO COLLECTIVE WORKS.—Copyright in each separate contribution to a collective work is distinct from copyright in the collective work as a whole, and vests initially in the author of the contribution. In the absence of an express transfer of the copyright or of any rights under it, the owner of copyright in the collective work is presumed to have acquired only the privilege of reproducing and distributing the contribution as part of that particular collective work, any revision of that collective work, and any later collective work in the same series.

 (image: https://ife.erdaxo.de/uploads/IntUrhRAuthorship/IntUrhRAuthorship.jpg)

Joint authorship leads to co-ownership of the authors. It has three requirements:

  • multiple authors,
  • separate works,
  • deliberate combination of these works

Works made for hire” are either works by an employee or works that are especially ordered or commissioned as part of a collective work, motion picture, translation, supplementary work, instructional text, test (also answers to it), compilation or atlas. For ordered or commissioned works there need to be a written contract that the work is a “work made for hire”. As the producer/employer of the creator of “works made for hire” is not the one who gives his individuality to the work the relation between creator and employer/producer is questionable.

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